Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the antecedents of athlete bullying behavior in sport situations and was to examine possible mediating effects of prosocial and antisocial behaviors in the relationship between controlling coaching behavior and athlete bullying behavior. Methods: This study was cross-sectional. Participants were 256 student-athletes (175 baseball players, 81 ice hockey players) from secondary schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi. SPSS program was used to analyze for descriptive statistics, reliability, and bivariate correlations, and then confirmatory factor analysis to test validity of measures was conducted using the AMOS program. Additionally, to test the research hypotheses, a PROCESS Macro analysis was conducted to verify the mediating effects. Results: First, the controlling coaching behavior of coaches showed a positive correlation with athletes’ bullying behavior, but it was found not to have a direct effect. Second, the relationship between controlling coaching behavior and athletes’ bullying behavior was fully mediated by perceived antisocial behaviors, while there was no significant mediating role of prosocial behavior between controlling coaching behavior and athlete bullying behavior. Conclusion: These findings will provide useful insights and implications for understanding bullying behaviors among athletes in the sports field, in relation to the controlling coaching behaviors of coaches and the prosocial and antisocial behaviors of peer athletes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural relationship among perceived controlling coaching behavior, mental toughness, and athlete burnout in elite student athletes. Methods: The subjects of this study were 236 elite student athletes. Participants completed a series of questionnaires on the controlling coaching behavior, mental toughness, and athlete burnout. With the collected data structural equation model analysis were performed by AMOS 22.0. Results: First, the controlling coaching behavior impacts positively(+) influence on athlete burnout. Second, the controlling coaching behavior impacts negatively(-) influence on mental toughness. Third, the mental toughness impacts negatively(-) influence on athlete burnout. Fourth, the mental toughness was revealed to function as a partial mediating effect on the relationship between controlling coaching behavior and athlete burnout. Conclusion: These results that increased their athlete burnout through the percetived controlling coaching behavior of elite student athletes, and the reductions mental toughness, but the found that mental toughness can prevent athlete burnout. In addition, the controlling coaching behavior had an indirect effect on athlete burnout through the mental toughness as a mediating variable. And the implications of the research and suggestions for future research were discussed.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the conceptual distinctions between competence, self-confidence and self-efficacy in undergraduate students in Department of Dance. Methods: This study design was cross-sectional. 498 undergraduate women students in Departments of Dance in Seoul participated in this study and self-reported their competence, self-confidence, and self-efficacy over the semester period. Data collected was used for statistical analyses of descriptives and frequencies, reliability, correlation, and a series of regression. Results: In results, both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) empirically supported the psychometric model of three constructs (i.e., competence, self-confidence and self-efficacy) in a sample of undergraduate women dancers. In multiple regression analyses, self-determination index (SDI) as a predictor was positively associated with competence, self-confidence, and self-efficacy of undergraduate dancers. Conclusion: This study provides useful information and better understanding of three motivational concepts, namely competence, self-confidence, and self-efficacy in future study, and helps practitioner/instructors develop effective instructional strategies to motivate women dancers in university.

Purpose: This study analyzed the research trends in the Korean Journal of Sport Psychology (KJSP) using topic modeling based on the LDA algorithm. Specifically, (a) the major topics and keywords published in KJSP over the past 20 years were explored, and (b) the topic distribution over the year intervals was analyzed. Methods: The analysis covered a total of 801 articles published in KJSP from Volume 15, Issue 1 in 2004 to Volume 34, Issue 1 in 2023. The titles of these articles were collected through web crawling and prepared for analysis through preprocessing. The collected data were classified into four topics based on Coherence Score, and the top 5 keywords for each topic were extracted. Furthermore, the 20 years were divided into four intervals (1st interval: 2004-2009; 2nd interval: 2010-2014; 3rd interval: 2015-2019; 4th interval: 2020-2023) to calculate the topic distribution. To verify the correlation between the year interval and topic distribution, a correlation analysis using Spearman’s rho was conducted. Results: First, the topics of articles published in KJSP over the past 20 years were identified as ‘scale development,’ ‘sports and exercise psychology,’ ‘psychological skills training,’ and ‘motor learning and control.’ Second, the four topics showed varying distributions over the year intervals. However, the correlation analysis between year intervals and topic distribution was statistically significant only for Topic 3, ‘psychological skills training.’ Conclusion: This study analyzed the research conducted over the past 20 years published in KJSP, examining the topics covered and how the research themes have changed over time. The results of the analysis are expected to provide ideas for subsequent research and contribute to the creation of new paradigms.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to apply the life skill career program to college athletes and to identify changes. Methods: The study involved 36 college athletes (male=26 and female=10) enrolled as outstanding physical education students at Y University. The program was conducted with an emphasis on career goal setting and practice. Therefore, it consists of meeting and greeting, understanding goals, setting career goals, practicing career goals, overcoming career goal obstacles, managing time, thinking positively, and making future plans. To verify the effectiveness of the program, life skill and career adaptability test papers were used, and in-depth interview data were collected by selecting eight of the players who participated in the program. Results: As a result of the pre- and post-analysis of the life skill career program, the goal setting, stress, and time management factors of life skill sub-factors had a great effect according to Cohen’s (2013) criteria. On the other hand, positive thoughts had a moderate effect. Curiosity, a sub-factor of career adaptation, showed a moderate effect. On the other hand, interest and confidence had a small effect. In-depth interviews with college athletes revealed their efforts to utilize the life skills learned through PEAK-DC for career preparation. In addition, Positive changes in career preparation and future life were observed. Conclusion: PEAK-DC takes on value as a program supporting college athletes' dual careers.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the factors affecting the performance that national wrestlers. Methods: Date were collected from the open-ended questionnaire, IZOF Sprot performance profiles and in-depth interview conducted with participants in the study included 19 national wrestlers(the nine people are Greco-Roman style and ten people are Free-style wrestlers) and five of their coaches who competed in the 2022 World Wrestling Championships. Results: As a result of the search for performance determinants, both Greco-Roman style and freestyle were categorized into skill(position), physical strength, and psychological areas. Specifically, First, in the case of the Greco-Roman style, a total of three upper categories(Ground position, Standing position, strategy) and 16 sub-factors were identified in the skill(position) area. In the physical strength factor, a total of two upper categories(functional fitness, physique) and 18 sub-factors were identified, and in the psychological factor, a total of a two upper categories(skills, tools) and 15 sub-factors appeared. Second, in the case of free-style, a total of two categories (ground position, standing position) and 20 sub-factors were identified in the description (position) area. As for the physical strength factor, a total of 13 sub-factors were identified, and a total of 12 sub-factors were identified in the psychological factor. Conclusion: Even with the same factors, the determining factors for the searched performance were explored differently depending on the athlets. In other words, the performance determinants recognized by national wrestlers are highly affected. by the specificity of each event and individual athletes, and it is necessary to accumulate and apply personalized program data for each athletes in consideration of these specificities in follow-up studies and sports science support for performance improvement.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide substantial help to the athlete and the game strategy of the manager by verifying the odds to win entire games when getting preemptive score in the table tennis game and by exploring psychological phenomenon shown from the athlete in the process of getting preemptive score. Methods: The results were drawn through the factor of getting preemptive score, analysis of odds to win entire games by situation, in-depth interview and the inductive content analysis by collecting the data on 846 games of the semi-final and final matches of 2021 and 2022 domestic table tennis games provided in homepage of Korea Table Tennis Association and from 15 table tennis athletes. Results: First, It was shown that when succeeding preemptive score for entire game, by year, team and by game type, the winner wins the entire games with high probability. Second, in case of succeeding preemptive score in 715 games that the winner wins the game when winning three matches out of five matches, the probability to win entire games by set was represented to be more than 70% except 2 situations. In the meantime, in case of failing the preemptive score, the probability to win the entire games by remaining set was represented to be less than 30% except 1 situation. Third, in the results of reviewing the importance of preemptive score, 67 raw data were drawn, which were classified to 2 areas(the psychological reinforcement, technical and strategic reinforcement). Fourth, in the results of reviewing the preceding factors of preemptive score, 36 raw data were drawn, which were classified into 4 areas(technical, psychological, physical and strategic elements). Fifth, in the results of examining the indications after failing preemptive score, 39 raw data were drawn, which were classified into 2 areas(induction of negative psychological factor and the drop of performance capability). Conclusion: The table tennis athletes were experiencing diverse psychological states depending on the preemptive score and it was found that the preemptive score has great impact on the athlete performance. As a result, the results drawn from this study seem to provide new perspective to the qualitatively insufficient research related to preemptive score and are expected to be applied substantially to the game strategy of the athlete and the manager actively and the similar racket games and the games having similar rules.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to elucidate the theoretical mechanisms of changes in vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) among elite athletes in the sports environment (training and competition) and to conduct a systematic literature review on empirical research findings. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, 16 studies from 2000 to 2023 were selected through multidisciplinary international searches. Results: The characteristics of study participants (gender, average age, sport, other information), measurement protocols (measurement environment, vmHRV measurement tools, psychological measurement tools), and outcomes were classified and evaluated. Significant changes in vmHRV were reported in situations where psychological pressure was perceived, but mixed results were observed due to differences in study participant characteristics and measurement protocols. To systematically validate changes in vmHRV based on situational changes, individual differences among study participants should be considered, and measurement protocol guidelines should be adhered to. Additionally, valid theoretical foundations are needed for result interpretation. Conclusion: Changes in vmHRV according to competitive situations have been identified, and a theoretical mechanism closely related to individual emotional regulation abilities is proposed. Studies reporting these results are continuously increasing, and research systematically advancing the understanding of the psychophysiological mechanisms of emotions and mood changes in elite athletes is evolving. The current theories and research findings suggest the potential utilization of vmHRV as a physiological marker for assessing anxiety and stress in elite athletes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coaching behaviors, stress perceived by adolescent athletes, and athlete burnout, and to validate any differences between groups based on perceived off-season training through path coefficient comparison analysis. Methods: For this purpose, data were collected from 224 athletes in 10 sports on perceptions of pre-training, autonomy-supportive coaching behavior, controlling coaching behavior, stress, and athletic burnout using questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and Amos 29.0 ver. software. Results: First, autonomy-supportive coaching behavior had a negative impact on stress. Second, controlling coaching behavior had a positive impact on stress. Third, stress had a positive impact on athlete burnout. Fourth, in the relationship between autonomy-supportive coaching behavior and stress, higher path coefficients were observed in groups with low positive perceptions of off-season training. Fifth, in the relationship between controlling coaching behaviors and stress, higher path coefficients were observed in groups with lower positive perceptions of off-season training. Finally, in the relationship between stress and athlete burnout, higher path coefficients were observed in groups with higher positive perceptions of off-season training. Conclusion: It was confirmed that coaching behaviors supporting autonomy are essential to reduce stress and prevent burnout among adolescent athletes. This finding is expected to provide valuable insights for developing effective strategies to reduce stress and prevent burnout among adolescent athletes in sports settings.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to confirm the relationship between the parenting attitude and exercise participation motivation perceived by adolescent golfers and to analyze the moderating effect of self-esteem as a multiple mediating factor. The results are expected to be used as basic data that can be applied to student athletes of various sports, including adolescent golfers, and aimed at forming, improving, and sustaining their self-esteem and motivation to participate. Methods: A survey was conducted on 411 adolescent golfers registered with the Korea Sports Council, and a total of 385 copies of the collected data were used, excluding 26 insincere and non-responsive questionnaires. Frequency analysis, Descriptive statistical analysis, Exploratory factor analysis(Varimax), Correlation analysis, and Reliability analysis were conducted on the collected data using SPSS ver. 27.0, and multiple mediation effects were verified using PROCESS macro ver. 4.2. Results: First, positive self-esteem fully mediated the relationship between parenting attitude and skill development. Second, positive self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between parenting attitude and health, physical strength, and condition. Third, positive self-esteem had no mediating effect in the relationship between parenting attitude and amotivation. Fourth, positive self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between parenting attitude and enjoyment. Fifth, negative self-esteem did not mediate the relationship between parenting attitude and all sub-factors of exercise participation motivation. Conclusion: It was meaningful in identifying parental parenting attitudes and psychological factors of adolescent golfers based on the special characteristics of golf, which involves spending a lot of time with parents. Based on the results, we hope to provide basic data that can be applied to various sports events. If follow-up research is conducted using a wide range of psychological factors and research methods, more meaningful results will be derived with data appropriate for the characteristics of student athletes.

Purpose: This study applied the Trans-Contextual Model (TCM) to predict physical activity among participants in university physical education classes. Methods: A survey was conducted with 400 university students taking physical education classes, and after excluding 13 data with unreliable responses, a total of 387 data were analyzed. After examining the normality of data and validity and reliability of the measurement model, the research model was validated using structural equation modeling analysis. Results: The results indicated that perceived autonomy support from instructor in physical education classes predicted autonomous motivation in both physical education and daily life. This, in turn, significantly predicted physical activity frequency by mediating the variables of the Theory of Planned Behavior excepts subjective norm. Conclusion: The findings of this study support the significance of applying TCM in the context of university physical education classes. Furthermore, it suggests practical implications for improving teaching methods in university physical education classes by utilizing instructor autonomy support.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to verify the differential learning effect according to the type of attention focus in golf putting performance of various difficulties using inclination angles. Methods: Forty-eight beginners were randomly assigned to internal-attentional focus, external-attentional focus, holistic-attentional focus, and control groups. Starting with the preliminary stage of the 4m-flat(∠0°) task, two difficulty tasks were repeated in the acquisition stage. As a division practice, 3m-flat(∠0°) and 6m-slope(∠23°) putting tasks were conducted. In the transition stage, a 5m-slope(∠7°) putting task set at medium difficulty was performed to measure the accuracy of performance according to the type of attention focus. Results: The task difficulty levels of 3m flat(∠0°) and 6m-slope(∠23°) set in the experiment showed similar changes in difficulty in all groups. At the acquisition stage, there was no interaction effect between groups according to difficulty, and the mean radial error of the holistic-attention-focus group was lower than that of the internal-attention-focus and control groups, and the bivariate variable error of the holistic-attention-focus group was lower than that of the control group. At the transition stage, the mean radial error of the holistic-attention focus group was lower than that of the control group, and there was no significant difference in bivariate variable error results. Conclusion: Although there was no statistically significant differential effect depending on the type of attention focus in learning golf putting of various levels of difficulty, when indirectly comparing the results from the transition stage, beginners were given abstract information related to performance (holistic-attentional focus) without direct information related to performance. It can be inferred that attentional guidance that only provides focus may also be effective in early functional learning and maintenance of movement.